All security outcomes in cyberspace are determined by individuals, whose behaviour is shaped by their social setting, whether organisational or cultural. Yet there has been little evidence globally of the necessary adjustment of policy or practice that gives due weight to the social science dimensions.

Australian policy response to the coronavirus outbreak has followed a two-step process, with containment the highest priority (the bio-medical and humanitarian view) and with economic and social consequences (a whole of society view) occupying a clear follow-on priority.

In this 2016 paper, Greg Austin argues that Australia will need to develop complex responsive systems of decisionmaking for medium intensity war that address multi-vector, multi-front and multitheatre attacks in cyber space.